This paper presents an experimental study on radio frequency (RF) fingerprinting of Bluetooth Classic devices. Our research aims to provide a practical evaluation of the possibilities for RF fingerprinting of everyday Bluetooth connected devices that may cause privacy risks. We have built an experimental setup for recording Bluetooth connection in a radio frequency isolated environment using commercially available SDR (software defined radio) systems, extracted fingerprints of the Bluetooth radio data in the form of carrier frequency offset and scaling factor from 6 different devices, and performed k-nearest neighbors (kNN) classification achieving 84\% accuracy. The experiment demonstrates that no matter what privacy measures are being taken in the protocol layer, the physical layer leaks significant information about the device to unauthorized listeners. In the context of the ever-growing Bluetooth device market, this research serves as a clarion call for device manufacturers, regulators, and end-users to acknowledge the privacy risks posed by RF fingerprinting and lays a foundation for more sizeable Bluetooth fingerprinting analysis research.

翻译：本文对蓝牙经典设备的射频指纹识别技术进行了实验研究。我们的研究旨在对日常蓝牙连接设备可能引发的隐私风险进行射频指纹识别的可行性评估。我们搭建了实验装置，在射频隔离环境中使用商用软件定义无线电系统记录蓝牙连接，从6个不同设备中提取了载波频率偏移和缩放因子形式的蓝牙射频数据指纹，并通过k近邻分类实现了84%的准确率。实验表明，无论协议层采取何种隐私保护措施，物理层都会向未授权监听者泄露大量设备信息。在蓝牙设备市场持续扩张的背景下，这项研究为设备制造商、监管机构和终端用户敲响警钟，提醒他们关注射频指纹识别带来的隐私风险，并为更大规模的蓝牙指纹分析研究奠定基础。