Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have achieved substantial attention due to their impressive human language understanding and generation capabilities. Therefore, the application of LLMs in medicine to assist physicians and patient care emerges as a promising research direction in both artificial intelligence and clinical medicine. To this end, this survey provides a comprehensive overview of the current progress, applications, and challenges faced by LLMs in medicine. Specifically, we aim to address the following questions: 1) What are LLMs and how can medical LLMs be built? 2) What are the downstream performances of medical LLMs? 3) How can medical LLMs be utilized in real-world clinical practice? 4) What challenges arise from the use of medical LLMs? 5) How can we better construct and utilize medical LLMs? As a result, this survey aims to provide insights into the opportunities and challenges of LLMs in medicine and serve as a valuable resource for constructing practical and effective medical LLMs. A regularly updated list of practical guide resources of medical LLMs can be found at https://github.com/AI-in-Health/MedLLMsPracticalGuide.

翻译：大型语言模型（LLMs），如ChatGPT，因其出色的人类语言理解与生成能力而受到广泛关注。因此，将LLMs应用于医学领域以辅助医生诊疗和患者护理，已成为人工智能和临床医学中极具前景的研究方向。为此，本综述全面概述了LLMs在医学领域的当前进展、应用及面临的挑战。具体而言，我们旨在回答以下问题：1）什么是LLMs，如何构建医学LLMs？2）医学LLMs的下游表现如何？3）如何在真实临床实践中利用医学LLMs？4）使用医学LLMs会带来哪些挑战？5）如何更好地构建和利用医学LLMs？最终，本综述旨在深入探讨LLMs在医学中的机遇与挑战，并为构建实用且高效的医学LLMs提供宝贵资源。医学LLMs实用指南资源的定期更新列表可在https://github.com/AI-in-Health/MedLLMsPracticalGuide 获取。