Computer systems have evolved over the years starting from sizable, single-user, slow, and expensive machines to multi-user, fast, cheaper, and small-sized machines. The use of multi-user computer networks has given rise to a new paradigm of computing known as Distributed Systems. A distributed system is regarded as software consisting of a collection of dependent network communication and computational nodes. This paradigm yields high performance while also maintaining high efficiency due to the decentralization of various computer related tasks to several computer nodes that are interconnected. Even if distributed systems have proven to be beneficial over the years it also has some design flaws, security concerns and challenges. In this paper, the main objective is to define these issues, challenges and security concerns while also examining the various solutions developed over the years to resolve them. This paper also briefly covers the components as well as the working of Distributed Systems.

翻译：计算机系统多年来经历了从庞大、单人使用、速度慢、价格昂贵的机器，到多用户、快速、价格低廉、小型化机器的演变。多用户计算机网络的使用催生了一种新的计算范式，即分布式系统。分布式系统被视为由一组相互依赖的网络通信与计算节点组成的软件。这种范式通过将各类计算机相关任务分散至多个互联的计算机节点，在保持高效率的同时实现了高性能。尽管分布式系统多年来已被证明具有诸多优势，但它仍存在设计缺陷、安全隐患及挑战。本文的主要目标是界定这些缺陷、挑战与安全问题，同时审视多年来为解决这些问题而开发的各种方案。本文还将简要介绍分布式系统的组成部分及其工作原理。