Currently, Gasper, the implemented consensus protocol of Ethereum, takes between 64 and 95 slots to finalize blocks. Because of that, a significant portion of the chain is susceptible to reorgs. The possibility to capture MEV (Maximum Extractable Value) through such reorgs can then disincentivize honestly following the protocol, breaking the desired correspondence of honest and rational behavior. Moreover, the relatively long time to finality forces users to choose between economic security and faster transaction confirmation. This motivates the study of the so-called single slot finality protocols: consensus protocols that finalize a block in each slot and, more importantly, that finalize the block proposed at a given slot within such slot. In this work we propose a simple, non-blackbox protocol that combines a synchronous dynamically available protocol with a partially synchronous finality gadget, resulting in a consensus protocol that can finalize one block per slot, paving the way to single slot finality within Ethereum. Importantly, the protocol we present can finalize the block proposed in a slot, within such slot.

翻译：目前，以太坊所采用的共识协议Gasper需要64至95个时隙才能完成区块的最终确认。因此，链上相当一部分存在被重组（reorg）的风险。通过此类重组获取最大可提取价值（MEV）的可能性，会削弱协议诚实执行的激励，从而破坏诚实行为与理性行为之间的理想一致性。此外，相对较长的最终确认时间迫使用户在经济安全性与更快的交易确认之间做出权衡。这促使了所谓单槽终结性协议（single slot finality protocols）的研究：这类共识协议能够在每个时隙内终结区块，更重要的是，能够在给定时隙内终结该时隙所提议的区块。本文提出一种简单且非黑盒的协议，它将同步动态可用协议与部分同步终结性工具相结合，从而形成一种每个时隙可终结一个区块的共识协议，为以太坊实现单槽终结性奠定基础。关键之处在于，我们提出的协议能够在某个时隙内终结该时隙所提议的区块。