In the wake of the arrival of digital media, the Internet, the web, and online social media, a flood of new cyber security research questions have emerged. There is a lot of money being lost around the world because of cyber-attacks. As a result, cyber security has emerged as one of the world's most complex and pressing issues. Cyber security experts from both industry and academia institutions are now analyzing current cyber-attacks occurring around the world and developing various strategies to defend systems from possible cyber-threats and attacks. This paper examines recent cyber security attacks as well as the financial losses incurred as a result of the growing number of cyber-attacks. Our findings indicate that the majority of the research chosen for this study focused solely on a small number of widespread security flaws, such as malware, phishing, and denial-of-service attacks. A total of over 50 major studies that have been published in reputable academic journals and conferences have been chosen for additional examination. A taxonomy of cyber-attacks elements that is based on the context of use in various environments has also been suggested, in addition to a review of the most recent studies on countermeasures for cyber-attacks being the state of the art. Lastly, the research gaps in terms of open issues have been described in order to offer potential future directions for the researchers working in the field of cyber security.

翻译：随着数字媒体、互联网、网络及在线社交媒体的到来，大量新的网络安全研究问题应运而生。全球范围内因网络攻击造成了巨额经济损失。因此，网络安全已成为世界上最复杂、最紧迫的问题之一。来自工业界和学术界的网络安全专家正在分析全球当前发生的网络攻击，并开发各种策略以防御系统可能面临的网络威胁与攻击。本文审视了近年来的网络安全攻击事件，以及因网络攻击数量增长而造成的财务损失。我们的研究结果表明，本研究选取的大部分文献仅聚焦于少数广泛存在的安全漏洞，如恶意软件、网络钓鱼和拒绝服务攻击。我们从知名学术期刊和会议中选取了超过50项主要研究进行深入分析。此外，我们还基于不同环境中的使用情境，提出了一种网络攻击要素分类法，并对最新网络攻击对抗措施（即当前技术发展水平）进行了综述。最后，描述了开放性问题方面的研究空白，旨在为网络安全领域的研究人员提供潜在的未来研究方向。