The properties of money commonly referenced in the economics literature were originally identified by Jevons (1876) and Menger (1892) in the late 1800s and were intended to describe physical currencies, such as commodity money, metallic coins, and paper bills. In the digital era, many non-physical currencies have either entered circulation or are under development, including demand deposits, cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), in-game currencies, and quantum money. These forms of money have novel properties that have not been studied extensively within the economics literature, but may be important determinants of the monetary equilibrium that emerges in the forthcoming era of heightened currency competition. This paper makes the first exhaustive attempt to identify and define the properties of all physical and digital forms of money. It reviews both the economics and computer science literatures and categorizes properties within an expanded version of the original functions-and-properties framework of money that includes societal and regulatory objectives.

翻译：经济学文献中常见的货币属性最初由Jevons(1876年)和Menger(1892年)(1892年)在1800年代末期由Jevons(1876年)和Menger(1892年)确定,目的是描述实物货币,如商品货币、金属硬币和纸钞。在数字时代,许多非实物货币要么进入流通,要么正在发展之中,包括需求存款、加密证券、稳定币、中央银行数字货币、游戏货币和量子货币。这些形式的货币具有新的属性,这些属性在经济学文献中没有得到广泛研究,但可能是在货币竞争加剧的即将到来的时代出现的货币平衡的重要决定因素。本文首次详尽尝试查明和界定所有实物和数字货币的属性。本文件审查了经济学和计算机科学文献,并在包括社会和监管目标在内的原始功能和资产框架的扩大版本中将属性分类。