Over the last years, Ethereum has evolved into a public platform that safeguards the savings of hundreds of millions of people and secures more than $650 billion in assets, placing it among the top 25 stock exchanges worldwide in market capitalization, ahead of Singapore, Mexico, and Thailand. As such, the performance and security of the Ethereum blockchain are not only of theoretical interest, but also carry significant global economic implications. At the time of writing, the Ethereum platform is collectively secured by almost one million validators highlighting its decentralized nature and underlining its economic security guarantees. However, due to this large validator set, the protocol takes around 15 minutes to finalize a block which is prohibitively slow for many real world applications. This delay is largely driven by the cost of aggregating and disseminating signatures across a validator set of this scale. Furthermore, as we show in this paper, the existing protocol that is used to aggregate and disseminate the signatures has several shortcomings that can be exploited by adversaries to shift stake proportion from honest to adversarial nodes. In this paper, we introduce Wonderboom, the first million scale aggregation protocol that can efficiently aggregate the signatures of millions of validators in a single Ethereum slot (x32 faster) while offering higher security guarantees than the state of the art protocol used in Ethereum. Furthermore, to evaluate Wonderboom, we implement the first simulation tool that can simulate such a protocol on the million scale and show that even in the worst case Wonderboom can aggregate and verify more than 2 million signatures within a single Ethereum slot.

翻译：过去数年间，以太坊已发展成为保护数亿人储蓄安全、锁定超6500亿美元资产的公共平台，其市值位列全球证券交易所前25强，超越新加坡、墨西哥与泰国。因此，以太坊区块链的性能与安全性不仅具有理论价值，更承载着全球性的深远经济影响。截至本文撰写时，以太坊平台由近百万名验证者共同守护，这既彰显其去中心化特性，也凸显其经济安全机制。然而，因验证者规模庞大，该协议完成区块最终确认需约15分钟，这一延迟对众多实际应用而言过于缓慢。该延迟主要源于在此量级验证者集群中进行签名聚合与分发的成本。此外，本文研究表明，现有签名聚合分发协议存在数项缺陷，可能被攻击者利用以将诚实节点的权益份额转移至恶意节点。本文提出奇树——首个百万量级聚合协议，能在单以太坊时隙内高效聚合百万验证者的签名（速度提升32倍），同时提供比以太坊现有最新协议更高的安全保障。为评估奇树，我们实现了首个可模拟百万量级此类协议的仿真工具，并证实在最坏情况下，奇树仍可在单个以太坊时隙内聚合与验证超200万条签名。