With the rapid advancement of information technology, the complexity of applications continues to increase, and the cybersecurity challenges we face are also escalating. This paper aims to investigate the methods and practices of system security penetration testing, exploring how to enhance system security through systematic penetration testing processes and technical approaches. It also examines existing penetration tools, analyzing their strengths, weaknesses, and applicable domains to guide penetration testers in tool selection. Furthermore, based on the penetration testing process outlined in this paper, appropriate tools are selected to replicate attack processes using target ranges and target machines. Finally, through practical case analysis, lessons learned from successful attacks are summarized to inform future research.

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