Large generative AI models (LGAIMs), such as ChatGPT or Stable Diffusion, are rapidly transforming the way we communicate, illustrate, and create. However, AI regulation, in the EU and beyond, has primarily focused on conventional AI models, not LGAIMs. This paper will situate these new generative models in the current debate on trustworthy AI regulation, and ask how the law can be tailored to their capabilities. After laying technical foundations, the legal part of the paper proceeds in four steps, covering (1) direct regulation, (2) data protection, (3) content moderation, and (4) policy proposals. It suggests a novel terminology to capture the AI value chain in LGAIM settings by differentiating between LGAIM developers, deployers, professional and non-professional users, as well as recipients of LGAIM output. We tailor regulatory duties to these different actors along the value chain and suggest four strategies to ensure that LGAIMs are trustworthy and deployed for the benefit of society at large. Rules in the AI Act and other direct regulation must match the specificities of pre-trained models. In particular, regulation should focus on concrete high-risk applications, and not the pre-trained model itself, and should include (i) obligations regarding transparency and (ii) risk management. Non-discrimination provisions (iii) may, however, apply to LGAIM developers. Lastly, (iv) the core of the DSA content moderation rules should be expanded to cover LGAIMs. This includes notice and action mechanisms, and trusted flaggers. In all areas, regulators and lawmakers need to act fast to keep track with the dynamics of ChatGPT et al.

翻译：大型生成式AI模型（LGAIMs），如ChatGPT或Stable Diffusion，正迅速改变我们沟通、插图和创作的方式。然而，无论是在欧盟还是其他地区，AI监管主要聚焦于传统AI模型，而非LGAIMs。本文将把这些新型生成式模型置于当前可信AI监管的讨论中，并探讨法律如何针对其能力进行定制。在奠定技术基础后，论文的法律部分分四步展开，涵盖（1）直接监管、（2）数据保护、（3）内容审核和（4）政策建议。我们提出一套新颖术语来捕捉LGAIM环境中的AI价值链，将LGAIM开发者、部署者、专业与非专业用户以及LGAIM输出的接收者区分开来。我们针对价值链上的这些不同行为者量身定制监管义务，并提出四项战略以确保LGAIM值得信赖并服务于社会整体利益。《人工智能法案》及其他直接监管的规则必须匹配预训练模型的特殊性。特别是，监管应聚焦于具体的高风险应用，而非预训练模型本身，并应包括（i）透明度义务和（ii）风险管理。然而，（iii）非歧视性条款可能适用于LGAIM开发者。最后，（iv）《数字服务法案》内容审核规则的核心应扩展至涵盖LGAIMs，包括通知与行动机制以及可信标注者。在所有领域，监管者和立法者需迅速行动，以跟上ChatGPT等模型的发展动态。