A systematic literature reveals that the role of AI as a sparring partner (SP) is often proposed but not systematically analyzed or defined. We propose the definition: An AI sparring partner (AI SP) interacts with users in a combination of a cooperative as well as a challenging, competitive mode, where AI is selected, customized or self-adapting to meet a level of skills that neither over- nor under-challenges the users. They can have the experience that they become better or are better than AI. AI as a SP can support creativity, extend viewpoints or foster learning and critical thinking either towards ideas and decisions or towards the AI itself. Sparring with AI can either be explicit, e.g. when AI simulates certain roles, or implicit, when AI is used to find out whether or how to perform better.

翻译：系统文献分析表明，人工智能作为陪练伙伴（SP）的角色虽被频繁提及，但尚未得到系统分析或明确定义。我们提出如下定义：人工智能陪练伙伴（AI SP）以合作与挑战性竞争相结合的方式与用户互动，其能力水平通过选择、定制或自适应调整，既不会过度挑战用户也不会低于用户能力阈值。用户可体验自身能力的提升，或感知到自身优于AI的表现。AI作为陪练伙伴能够支持创造力激发、拓展视角、促进学习与批判性思维，其对象可以是观点与决策本身，也可以是AI系统自身。与AI的陪练过程可显式实现（如AI模拟特定角色），亦可隐式实现（如AI用于探索如何或能否实现更优表现）。