Next-generation wireless networks are progressing beyond conventional connectivity to incorporate emerging sensing and computing capabilities. This convergence gives rise to integrated systems that enable not only uninterrupted communication, but also environmental awareness, intelligent decision-making, and novel applications that take advantage of these combined features. At the same time, this integration brings substantial security challenges. As computing, sensing, and communication become more tightly intertwined, the overall complexity of the system increases, creating new vulnerabilities and expanding the attack surface. The widespread deployment of data-heavy artificial intelligence applications further amplifies concerns regarding data security and privacy. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of security and privacy threats, along with potential countermeasures, in integrated wireless systems. We first review physical-layer security techniques for communication networks, and then investigate the security and privacy implications of semantic and pragmatic communications and their associated cross-layer design methodologies. For sensing functionalities, we pinpoint security and privacy risks at the levels of signal sources, propagation channels, and sensing targets, and summarize state-of-the-art defense strategies for each. The growing computational requirements of these applications drive the need for distributed computing over the network, which introduces additional risks such as data leakage, weak authentication, and multiple points of failure. We subsequently discuss secure coded computing approaches that can help overcome several of these challenges. Finally, we introduce unified security frameworks tailored to integrated communication-sensing-computing architectures, offering an end-to-end perspective on protecting future wireless systems.

翻译：下一代无线网络正超越传统连接功能，融合新兴感知与计算能力。这种融合催生了集成化系统，不仅支持不间断通信，还能实现环境感知、智能决策以及利用这些复合特性的新型应用。与此同时，这种集成也带来了严峻的安全挑战。随着计算、感知和通信功能日益紧密交织，系统整体复杂度显著提升，催生了新的安全漏洞并扩大了攻击面。数据密集型人工智能应用的广泛部署进一步加剧了数据安全与隐私保护方面的隐忧。本文对集成无线系统中的安全与隐私威胁及其潜在应对策略进行了全面综述。我们首先回顾通信网络的物理层安全技术，继而探讨语义通信与语用通信及其跨层设计方法所带来的安全与隐私问题。在感知功能方面，我们识别了信号源、传播信道和感知目标三个层面的安全与隐私风险，并总结了各层面的前沿防御策略。这些应用日益增长的计算需求推动了网络分布式计算的发展，但同时也引入了数据泄露、弱身份验证和多点故障等额外风险。我们随后讨论了能够应对这些挑战的安全编码计算方法。最后，我们提出了针对通信-感知-计算一体化架构的统一安全框架，为未来无线系统的端到端保护提供了整体性视角。