The origins of consonance in human music has long been contested, and today there are three primary hypotheses: aversion to roughness, preference for harmonicity, and learned preferences from cultural exposure. While the evidence is currently insufficient to disentangle the contributions of these hypotheses, I propose several reasons why roughness is an especially promising area for future study. The aim of this review is to summarize and critically evaluate roughness theory and models, experimental data, to highlight areas that deserve further research. I identify 2 key areas: There are fundamental issues with the definition and interpretation of results due to tautology in the definition of roughness, and the lack of independence in empirical measurements. Despite extensive model development, there are many duplications and models have issues with data quality and overfitting. Future theory development should aim for model simplicity, and extra assumptions, features and parameters should be evaluated systematically. Model evaluation should aim to maximise the breadth of stimuli that are predicted.

翻译：人类音乐中协和性的起源长期存在争议，目前主要有三种假说：对粗糙度的厌恶、对谐波性的偏好以及文化接触形成的习得性偏好。尽管现有证据尚不足以厘清这些假说的各自贡献，本文提出了若干理由说明粗糙度是未来研究中特别具有前景的领域。本综述旨在总结并批判性评估粗糙度理论与模型、实验数据，并指出值得深入研究的领域。本文识别出两个关键问题：由于粗糙度定义中的同义反复，以及经验测量缺乏独立性，导致结果的定义与解释存在根本性缺陷。尽管模型开发已相当广泛，但存在大量重复且模型在数据质量与过拟合方面存在问题。未来理论发展应追求模型简洁性，对额外假设、特征与参数需进行系统化评估。模型评估应致力于最大化可预测刺激的广度。