Extended Reality (XR) systems for physical skill training have largely emphasized simulation rather than real-time in-situ instruction. We present WeldAR, an Augmented Reality (AR) system with five learning modules that overlays real-time guidance during live welding using a headset integrated into a welding helmet and a torch attachment. We conducted an in-situ within-subjects study with 24 novices, comparing AR guidance to video instruction for live welding across practice and unassisted tests. AR improved performance in both assisted practice and unassisted tests, primarily driven by gains in travel speed and work angle. By offering real-time feedback on four performance measures, AR supported novices in carrying embodied knowledge into independent tasks. Our contributions include: (1) WeldAR for in-situ physical skill training; (2) empirical evidence that AR enhances composite welding performance and key physical skills; and (3) implications for the development of AR systems that support in-situ, embodied skill training in welding and related trades.

翻译：用于物理技能培训的扩展现实（XR）系统主要侧重于模拟而非实时现场指导。我们提出了WeldAR，这是一种增强现实（AR）系统，包含五个学习模块，通过集成在焊接头盔中的头戴式设备和焊枪附件，在实时焊接过程中叠加实时指导。我们对24名新手进行了现场受试者内研究，比较了AR指导与视频教学在实践和无辅助测试中的实时焊接效果。AR在辅助实践和无辅助测试中均提高了性能，这主要得益于移动速度和工作角度的改善。通过提供四项性能指标的实时反馈，AR帮助新手将具身知识迁移至独立任务中。我们的贡献包括：（1）用于现场物理技能培训的WeldAR系统；（2）AR提升复合焊接性能及关键物理技能的实证证据；（3）对开发支持焊接及相关行业现场具身技能培训的AR系统的启示。