Why do some physical systems possess consciousness, while others do not? Is this a question of physics? Or is it a question of the theory of causation? Physics and the theory of causation serve different descriptive purposes, and in this study we refer to them respectively as the Physical Stance and the Causal Stance. We propose that the generation of consciousness is determined by its internal causal mechanisms in the Causal Stance. To describe a causal model, we will introduce an asymmetric relation between cause and effect into the formulation that is necessary for describing causality, though not physical laws. We argue that the causal conditions for the generation of consciousness are constituted by internal causal mechanisms of the system, rather than by external interventions.To explain such intrinsic causes, this study focuses on inter-level causality. Traditionally, inter-level causality has been considered an emergent phenomenon rather than a mechanism. We devise a method to implement these mechanisms explicitly in a causal model by examining how causes originating at higher levels are transmitted to lower levels within the system. We then propose a Dual-Laws Model (DLM), which features distinct dynamical laws at higher and lower levels. Finally, we discuss the generation of functional consciousness and its causality based on the DLM. Note that this study does not address the causal efficacy of the phenomenological aspect.

翻译：为何某些物理系统拥有意识，而其他系统却没有？这是物理学的问题，还是因果理论的问题？物理学与因果理论服务于不同的描述目的，本研究分别将其称为“物理立场”与“因果立场”。我们提出，意识的生成是由其在因果立场中的内在因果机制所决定的。为描述因果模型，我们将在公式中引入原因与结果之间的不对称关系，这种关系对于描述因果性（而非物理定律）是必要的。我们认为，意识生成的因果条件由系统的内在因果机制构成，而非外部干预。为解释此类内在原因，本研究聚焦于层间因果性。传统上，层间因果性被视为涌现现象而非机制。我们设计了一种方法，通过考察源自较高层级的原因如何在系统内传递至较低层级，从而在因果模型中显式地实现这些机制。接着，我们提出了一种双定律模型（DLM），该模型在较高与较低层级分别具有不同的动力学定律。最后，基于DLM探讨了功能性意识及其因果性的生成。注意：本研究不涉及现象学方面的因果效力。