To understand the resilience of farms and the agricultural sector, as well as the provision of ecosystem services, we need to characterize and quantify crop diversity. Using a 10m resolution satellite-derived product, we created datasets of crop diversity across spatial and administrative scales for 27 EU countries and the UK in 2018. We define local crop diversity, or $\alpha$-diversity, at a 1km scale, corresponding to large or clusters of small-to-medium-sized farms. $\alpha$ crop diversities range from 2.3 to 4.4, with higher levels in systems with many small farms (averaging less than 10 ha). $\gamma$-diversity, the number and area of crops grown independently of location, increases from 2.85 at 1km to 3.86 at 10km, and levels off at 4.27 at 100km. These levels are higher than those reported in the U.S., possibly due to differences in farm structure and practices. $\beta$-diversity, the ratio of $\gamma$ and $\alpha$ diversities, measures the difference between agroecosystems and ranges from 1.2 to 2.3 across EU countries. We classify countries' crop diversities into four groups based on the magnitude and change of $\gamma$-diversity across scales, with implications for regional to national agro-environmental policy recommendations. Continental Copernicus crop type maps will enable temporal comparisons, and exploring ecosystem co-variates will deepen our understanding of the link between crop diversity and agro-ecosystem services.

翻译：为了理解农场和农业部门的韧性，以及生态系统服务的供给，我们需要表征和量化作物多样性。利用10米分辨率的卫星衍生数据产品，我们创建了2018年欧盟27国和英国在空间和行政尺度上的作物多样性数据集。我们在1公里尺度上定义了局部作物多样性，即α多样性，对应于大型农场或中小型农场集群。α作物多样性在2.3至4.4之间，在拥有众多小农场（平均面积小于10公顷）的系统中数值较高。γ多样性，即独立于位置种植的作物数量和面积，从1公里处的2.85增加到10公里处的3.86，并在100公里处稳定于4.27。这些数值高于美国报告的数值，可能是由于农场结构和实践差异所致。β多样性，即γ多样性与α多样性之比，衡量农业生态系统之间的差异，在欧盟国家中范围为1.2至2.3。我们根据γ多样性在不同尺度上的大小和变化，将各国的作物多样性分为四类，这对区域到国家层面的农业环境政策建议具有启示意义。欧洲大陆的哥白尼作物类型地图将支持时间序列比较，而探索生态系统协变量将加深我们对作物多样性与农业生态系统服务之间联系的理解。