From work emerging through the middle of the 20th century, the essence of meaning has become widely accepted as being described by the three orthogonal dimensions of valence, arousal, and dominance (VAD). These essential dimensions have become the cornerstone of sentiment analysis across many fields. By re-examining first types and then tokens for the English language, and through the use of automatically annotated histograms -- `ousiograms' -- we find here that: The essence of meaning conveyed by words is instead best described by a goodness-power-aggression-danger-structure circumplex framework (GPADS); that large-scale English language corpora reveal a systematic bias toward safe, low-danger words; and that the power-danger-structure (PDS) framework is the minimal framework that represents essential meaning. We find remarkable congruences between the GPADS framework and other spaces including mental states and fictional archetypes, and we construct and demonstrate a prototype ousiometer.

翻译：从20世纪中期以来的研究成果中，意义的本质已被广泛接受为由效价、唤醒和优势（VAD）这三个正交维度所描述。这些基本维度已成为多个领域情感分析的基石。通过重新审视英语语言中的类型（types）和实例（tokens），并利用自动标注的直方图——即"ousiograms"——我们在此发现：词语所传达的意义本质最好由一个善-力-攻击-危险-结构环形框架（GPADS）来描述；大规模英语语料库显示出对安全、低危险词汇的系统性偏差；而力量-危险-结构（PDS）框架是表征基本意义的最小框架。我们发现了GPADS框架与其他空间（包括心理状态和虚构原型）之间显著的对应关系，并构建和演示了一个原型ousiometer测量仪。