Overtourism occurs when the number of tourists exceeds the carrying capacity of a destination, leading to negative impacts on the environment, culture, and quality of life for residents. By monitoring overtourism, destination managers can identify areas of concern and implement measures to mitigate the negative impacts of tourism while promoting smarter tourism practices. This can help ensure that tourism benefits both visitors and residents while preserving the natural and cultural resources that make these destinations so appealing. This chapter describes a low-cost approach to monitoring overtourism based on mobile devices' wireless activity. A flexible architecture was designed for a smart tourism toolkit to be used by Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in crowding management solutions, to build better tourism services, improve efficiency and sustainability, and reduce the overwhelming feeling of pressure in critical hotspots. The crowding sensors count the number of surrounding mobile devices, by detecting trace elements of wireless technologies, mitigating the effect of MAC address randomization. They run detection programs for several technologies, and fingerprinting analysis results are only stored locally in an anonymized database, without infringing privacy rights. After that edge computing, sensors communicate the crowding information to a cloud server, by using a variety of uplink techniques to mitigate local connectivity limitations, something that has been often disregarded in alternative approaches. Field validation of sensors has been performed on Iscte's campus. Preliminary results show that these sensors can be deployed in multiple scenarios and provide a diversity of spatio-temporal crowding data that can scaffold tourism overcrowding management strategies.

翻译：过度旅游指游客数量超过目的地承载能力，导致环境、文化及居民生活质量受损的现象。通过监测过度旅游，目的地管理者可识别问题区域并实施措施，在减轻旅游业负面影响的同时推动更智慧的旅游实践。这有助于确保旅游业既惠及游客与居民，又保护使目的地更具吸引力的自然与文化资源。本章描述了一种基于移动设备无线活动的低成本过度旅游监测方法。研究设计了一套灵活架构，供中小型企业（SMEs）在拥挤管理解决方案中使用的智慧旅游工具包，以构建更优质的旅游服务、提升效率与可持续性，并缓解关键热点区域的过度拥挤压力。拥挤传感器通过检测无线技术的痕量元素统计周边移动设备数量，同时降低MAC地址随机化的影响。传感器运行多种技术的检测程序，指纹分析结果仅匿名存储于本地数据库，不侵犯隐私权。此后，边缘计算传感器通过多种上行链路技术将拥挤信息传输至云服务器，以解决本地连接限制问题——这一因素常被其他方案忽视。传感器已在Iscte校园完成现场验证。初步结果表明，此类传感器可部署于多种场景，提供多样化的时空拥挤数据，为旅游过度拥挤管理策略提供支撑。