Solid-state drives (SSDs) have revolutionized data storage with their high performance, energy efficiency, and reliability. However, as storage demands grow, SSDs face critical challenges in scalability, endurance, latency, and security. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of SSD architecture, key challenges, and device-level optimization techniques. We first examine the fundamental components of SSDs, including NAND flash memory structures, SSD controller functionalities (e.g., address mapping, garbage collection, wear leveling), and host interface protocols. Next, we discuss major challenges such as reliability degradation, endurance limitations, latency variations, and security threats. We then explore advanced optimization techniques, including error correction mechanisms, flash translation layer (FTL) enhancements, and emerging architectures like zoned namespace (ZNS) SSDs and flexible data placement (FDP). Finally, we highlight open research challenges, such as QLC/PLC NAND scalability, performance-reliability trade-offs, and SSD optimizations for AI/LLM workloads. This survey aims to guide future research in the development of next-generation SSDs that balance performance, endurance, and security in evolving storage ecosystems.

翻译：固态硬盘凭借其高性能、能效与可靠性，彻底革新了数据存储领域。然而，随着存储需求的增长，固态硬盘在可扩展性、耐久性、延迟和安全性方面面临严峻挑战。本综述对固态硬盘架构、关键挑战及设备级优化技术进行了全面分析。我们首先剖析固态硬盘的基础组件，包括NAND闪存结构、固态硬盘控制器功能（如地址映射、垃圾回收、磨损均衡）以及主机接口协议。接着，我们探讨了可靠性衰减、耐久性限制、延迟波动及安全威胁等主要挑战。随后深入研究了先进优化技术，涵盖纠错机制、闪存转换层增强方案，以及分区命名空间固态硬盘和灵活数据布局等新兴架构。最后，我们重点指出了开放的研究挑战，例如QLC/PLC NAND可扩展性、性能与可靠性的权衡，以及面向AI/LLM工作负载的固态硬盘优化。本综述旨在为下一代固态硬盘的研发提供指引，以在持续演进的存储生态系统中实现性能、耐久性与安全性的平衡。