Secure cross-domain authentication is crucial for protecting information exchange across terminals in different security domains. However, existing cross-domain authentication models suffer from inflexibility, high storage and computational consumption. In response to these problems, a cross-domain multi-factor authentication protocol with improved efficiency (CDAuth) is proposed. CDAuth employs a universally applicable multi-factor authentication approach, integrating pseudo-identity, attribute concealment, and biometric hiding. The authentication information sets can be freely added or modified to accommodate various access scenarios. This boosts privacy, flexibility, and applicability compared to traditional methods. Furthermore, multi-edge servers as Certification Authorities (CAs) store only the union of terminal attributes and a verification token per user in their subdomains, instead of each user's attribute and biometric sets as in traditional schemes, significantly reducing storage consumption. Additionally, replacing the bilinear pairing operations with the native group operations, while maintaining security, significantly reduces computational consumption. Our analysis shows that CDAuth can resist common security attacks and is more efficient than the previous schemes.

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