The migration to post-quantum cryptography is urgent for Internet of Things devices with 10-20 year lifespans, yet no systematic benchmarks exist for the finalised NIST standards on the most constrained 32-bit processor class. This paper presents the first isolated algorithm-level benchmarks of ML-KEM (FIPS 203) and ML-DSA (FIPS 204) on ARM Cortex-M0+, measured on the RP2040 (Raspberry Pi Pico) at 133 MHz with 264 KB SRAM. Using PQClean reference C implementations, we measure all three security levels of ML-KEM (512/768/1024) and ML-DSA (44/65/87) across key generation, encapsulation/signing, and decapsulation/verification. ML-KEM-512 completes a full key exchange in 36.3 ms consuming 2.87 mJ--17x faster and 94% less energy than ECDH P-256 on the same hardware. ML-DSA signing exhibits high latency variance due to rejection sampling (coefficient of variation 61-71%, 99th-percentile up to 1,115 ms for ML-DSA-87). The M0+ incurs only a 1.8-1.9x slowdown relative to published Cortex-M4 results, despite lacking 64-bit multiply, DSP, and SIMD instructions. All code, data, and scripts are released as an open-source benchmark suite for reproducibility.

翻译：向具有10-20年使用寿命的物联网设备迁移后量子密码技术迫在眉睫，但针对最受限32位处理器类别上最终版NIST标准，尚无系统性的基准测试存在。本文首次在ARM Cortex-M0+上对ML-KEM（FIPS 203）和ML-DSA（FIPS 204）开展独立算法级基准测试，实测平台为RP2040（树莓派Pico），主频133 MHz，SRAM 264 KB。采用PQClean参考C实现，我们测量了ML-KEM（512/768/1024）和ML-DSA（44/65/87）所有三个安全级别在密钥生成、封装/签名及解封装/验证环节的性能。ML-KEM-512完成完整密钥交换需36.3毫秒，消耗2.87毫焦耳——比同一硬件上的ECDH P-256快17倍且能耗降低94%。ML-DSA签名因拒绝采样呈现高延迟方差（变异系数61-71%，ML-DSA-87第99百分位延迟高达1,115毫秒）。尽管缺乏64位乘法、DSP及SIMD指令，M0+相较于已发表的Cortex-M4结果仅产生1.8-1.9倍减速。全部代码、数据及脚本均已作为开源基准测试套件发布，以确保可复现性。