Persistent homology (PH) is a mathematically principled multi-scale topological descriptor of shape and connectivity in data. It is widely applied in image classification, segmentation, and shape analysis across medical and aerial imaging, providing structural information that pixel-wise deep learning may overlook. Standard cubical PH decomposes an image into cubical cells (vertices, edges, and squares) and reduces them sequentially in filtration order. This sequential reduction has $Θ(n)$ parallel depth for an $n$-pixel image, limiting within-image GPU parallelism and constraining its use in topology-aware deep learning. We introduce CuPH, a GPU-based parallel algorithm for computing cubical PH on 2D images that operates directly on pixels rather than cubical cells. CuPH buckets pixels by filtration values, activates them with a level-synchronous sweep, and tracks connected components with a lock-free union-find method. We prove that CuPH produces persistence diagrams identical to standard cubical PH on integer inputs, with a stability bound for floating-point inputs. CuPH reduces parallel depth from $Θ(n)$ to $O(L\log n)$ for an image with $L$ intensity levels. We implement the level sweep as a single CUDA kernel, eliminating cross-level kernel-launch overhead. Empirically, CuPH is $18.6$--$99.6\times$ faster than the existing GPU baseline (CMP). As a drop-in PH backend, CuPH accelerates topology-aware classification ($4.2$--$16.7\times$) and segmentation ($8.3$--$44\times$) while preserving accuracy. It also enables computing full-image PH losses on high-resolution images, improving segmentation Dice by $2.2$--$4.6$ points over patch-local PH baselines and accelerating training by $25$--$31\times$.

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