Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) can provide emergency communication support when conventional infrastructure is disrupted during disasters. This paper evaluates the performance of opportunistic routing protocols in a realistic disaster scenario based on the 2016 Central Italy earthquake, modelled as an emergency occurring during a football match at Stadio Adriatico in Pescara. We identify multiple suitable groups of mobile and static nodes, such as audiences, a range of different emergency responders, stage sensors, and vehicles, to design and build evacuation and rescue activities in a partially connected environment. Two representative DTN routing protocols, Epidemic and Spray and Wait, are tested under identical simulation settings and compared using delivery probability, latency, overhead ratio, hop count and dropped messages. The results highlight that Spray and Wait provides a better balance between reliability and efficiency in this scenario, achieving higher delivery probability while reducing overhead and using network resources more efficiently. The study shows the usefulness of DTN simulation for analysing disaster communication performance in emergency response scenarios.

翻译：延迟容忍网络（DTNs）能够在灾害期间传统基础设施中断时提供应急通信支持。本文基于2016年意大利中部地震的真实灾害场景，评估了机会路由协议的性能，该场景被建模为佩斯卡拉斯塔迪奥·亚得里亚海体育场足球比赛期间发生的紧急事件。我们识别了多组适宜的移动与静态节点（如观众群体、各类应急响应人员、现场传感器及车辆），以在部分连通的环境中设计与构建疏散救援活动。在相同仿真设置下，对两种代表性DTN路由协议——Epidemic和Spray and Wait——进行了测试，并通过投递概率、延迟、开销比、跳数及丢弃消息数等指标进行对比。结果表明，在此场景中Spray and Wait在可靠性与效率间取得了更佳平衡，在提高投递概率的同时降低了开销，更高效地利用了网络资源。本研究证明了DTN仿真在分析应急响应场景中灾害通信性能方面的实用价值。