The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) globally has catalyzed the need for robust cybersecurity measures within vehicle-to-grid (V2G) networks. As these networks are increasingly being integrated into smart charging infrastructures, they also introduce new vulnerabilities that threaten grid stability and user privacy This paper proposes a cyber-physical authentication protocol and trading smart contract tailored to plug and charge (PnC) operations within blockchain-based V2G systems. The protocol leverages advanced cryptographic techniques and blockchain to ensure secure, transparent, and tamper-proof energy transactions between EVs and charging stations. Key contributions include the development of a cyber-physical authentication method, the implementation of a smart contract framework for secure energy trading, and a detailed security and privacy analysis. The proposed protocol effectively mitigates risks such as distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks and replay attacks while preserving user anonymity and data integrity.

翻译：全球电动汽车的快速普及催生了车联网能源交易网络对强健网络安全措施的需求。随着这些网络日益融入智能充电基础设施，它们也引入了威胁电网稳定性和用户隐私的新漏洞。本文提出一种针对基于区块链的车联网系统中即插即充操作的物理-信息认证协议与交易智能合约。该协议采用先进密码学技术和区块链，确保电动汽车与充电站之间安全、透明、防篡改的能源交易。主要贡献包括：开发物理-信息认证方法，实现安全能源交易的智能合约框架，以及详细的安全性与隐私性分析。所提协议能有效缓解分布式拒绝服务攻击、中间人攻击和重放攻击等风险，同时保障用户匿名性与数据完整性。