Digital technologies have dramatically accelerated the digital transformation in process industries, boosted new industrial applications, upgraded the production system, and enhanced operational efficiency. In contrast, the challenges and gaps between human and artificial intelligence (AI) have become more and more prominent, whereas the digital divide in process safety is aggregating. The study attempts to address the following questions: (i)What is AI in the process safety context? (ii)What is the difference between AI and humans in process safety? (iii)How do AI and humans collaborate in process safety? (iv)What are the challenges and gaps in human-AI collaboration? (v)How to quantify the risk of human-AI collaboration in process safety? Qualitative risk analysis based on brainstorming and literature review, and quantitative risk analysis based on layer of protection analysis (LOPA) and Bayesian network (BN), were applied to explore and model. The importance of human reliability should be stressed in the digital age, not usually to increase the reliability of AI, and human-centered AI design in process safety needs to be propagated.

翻译：数字技术极大加速了过程工业的数字化转型，推动了新型工业应用，升级了生产系统，并提升了运营效率。与之形成对比的是，人类与人工智能（AI）之间的挑战与差距日益凸显，而过程安全中的数字鸿沟正在加剧。本研究试图探讨以下问题：（i）在过程安全情境下，AI的定义是什么？（ii）在过程安全中，AI与人类有何差异？（iii）在过程安全中，AI与人类如何协作？（iv）人机协作中存在哪些挑战与差距？（v）如何量化过程安全中人机协作的风险？研究基于头脑风暴与文献综述的定性风险分析，以及基于保护层分析（LOPA）和贝叶斯网络（BN）的定量风险分析，进行了探索与建模。在数字时代，应强调人类可靠性的重要性——通常并非为了提升AI的可靠性——并且需要在过程安全中推广以人为中心的AI设计。