Current artificial intelligence systems struggle with systematic compositional reasoning: the capacity to recombine known components in novel configurations. This paper argues that the failure is architectural, not merely a matter of scale or training data, and that its origins lie in the psychological learning theories from which AI paradigms were derived. The argument proceeds in three stages. First, drawing on the systematicity debate in cognitive science and on the demonstration of Aizawa that neither connectionism nor classicism can make systematicity a structural consequence of the architecture, the paper establishes that the corrective techniques proliferating in modern AI, from chain-of-thought prompting to alignment through human feedback, function as auxiliary hypotheses that address symptoms without resolving the underlying architectural indifference to systematicity. Second, it traces the genealogy from psychological learning theory to AI methodology, showing that behaviourism, cognitivism, and constructivism each bequeathed a specific structural limitation to the AI paradigm it inspired: the exclusion of internal structure, the opacity of representation, and the absence of formal construction operators. A cross-cultural reappraisal of rote learning reveals a further underexploited pathway. Third, the paper introduces ReSynth, a trimodular conceptual framework that proposes the principled separation of reasoning, identity, and memory as a path toward architectures in which systematic behaviour is a structural consequence of design rather than a correction applied after the fact.

翻译：当前人工智能系统在系统性组合推理方面存在困难，即难以将已知组件重新组合成新的配置。本文认为，这一失败源于架构层面，而不仅仅是规模或训练数据的问题，其根源在于人工智能范式所借鉴的心理学习理论。论证分三个阶段展开。首先，基于认知科学中关于系统性辩论的成果以及Aizawa的论证——即联结主义和经典主义都无法使系统性成为架构的结构性结果，本文指出现代人工智能中扩散的修正技术，从链式思维提示到基于人类反馈的对齐，均作为辅助假说发挥作用，它们处理的是症状而非解决架构对系统性漠不关心的根本问题。其次，本文追溯了从心理学习理论到人工智能方法论的发展谱系，表明行为主义、认知主义和建构主义各自为其启发的人工智能范式留下了特定的结构性限制：内部结构的排斥、表征的不透明性以及形式构造操作符的缺失。对机械重复学习的跨文化重新评估揭示了另一条未被充分探索的路径。第三，本文提出了ReSynth，一个三模块概念框架，主张将推理、身份和记忆进行原则性分离，作为通往架构的路径——在该架构中，系统性行为是设计的结构性结果，而非事后的修正补充。