A dual-scale deployment (DSD) framework is proposed for pinching antenna systems (PASS), under which four protocols are provided. 1) For the coarse-scale deployment, the pinching antenna (PA) is transferred over a large-scale range at the waveguide level. 2) For the fine-scale deployment, the PA is adjusted with high precision within a small-scale region. By simultaneously optimizing both scales, the proposed DSD framework can unleash the full potential of PA deployment, while maintaining low computational complexity. Based on this framework, we establish a practical power consumption model and derive theoretical energy efficiency expressions for PASS. Then, an energy-efficiency maximization problem is formulated to jointly optimize the transmit precoding, PA radiation power, and dual-scale PA deployment. To solve this non-convex, highly coupled problem, a low-complexity penalty-based alternating optimization algorithm is proposed. Simulation results validate the accuracy of theoretical results and the convergence of the proposed algorithm. It is demonstrated that the proposed DSD framework is highly effective for PASS, delivering about $70\%$ higher energy efficiency than the conventional cell-free architecture and nearly a \emph{twofold} improvement relative to MIMO systems.

翻译：本文针对夹持天线系统提出了一种双尺度部署框架，并在此框架下提供了四种协议。1) 在粗尺度部署中，夹持天线在波导层面进行大范围转移。2) 在细尺度部署中，夹持天线在小尺度区域内进行高精度调整。通过同时优化两个尺度，所提出的双尺度部署框架能够充分发挥夹持天线部署的潜力，同时保持较低的计算复杂度。基于该框架，我们建立了一个实用的功耗模型，并推导了夹持天线系统的理论能效表达式。随后，我们构建了一个能效最大化问题，以联合优化发射预编码、夹持天线辐射功率以及双尺度夹持天线部署。为了解决这个非凸且高度耦合的问题，我们提出了一种基于惩罚的低复杂度交替优化算法。仿真结果验证了理论结果的准确性以及所提算法的收敛性。结果表明，所提出的双尺度部署框架对于夹持天线系统非常有效，其能效比传统的无小区架构提高了约$70\%$，相对于MIMO系统实现了近\emph{两倍}的提升。