This study examines the evolution of bilateral and multilateral scientific collaboration among EU Member States and between the EU and global partners from 2000 to 2024 using data from OpenAlex and Scopus. The results show that OpenAlex, when restricted to cited articles, yields findings broadly comparable to those obtained from Scopus for assessing country-level research collaboration. Relative Intensity of Collaboration (RIC) values are consistently higher for multilateral than for bilateral partnerships. Increased collaboration intensity during the final years of FP7, the intermediate and later stages of Horizon 2020, and the final years of the study period suggests that EU FP may have strengthened collaboration among participating countries. With regard to European integration, multilateral collaboration intensity increased between the EU-14 and EU-13, between these groups and EU candidate countries, and within the EU-13. Despite this growth, structural asymmetries persist. Bilateral collaboration among EU-14 countries is concentrated within the group and with EU-13, Brazil, Norway, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, whereas EU-13 countries collaborate more intensively within the group, with EU candidate countries and Russia. EU-14 countries maintain stronger multilateral collaboration with high-income countries such as Australia, Canada, and the United States than do EU-13 countries. For both groups, collaboration with China remains the weakest. Although multilateral collaboration intensity with Russia has declined, it remained above the expected level for the EU-14 in 2024 and was 2.5 times higher than expected for the EU-13. This persistence may reflect the continued participation of Russian researchers in multilateral projects despite Russia's suspension from Horizon Europe in 2022.

翻译：本研究利用OpenAlex和Scopus的数据，考察了2000至2024年间欧盟成员国之间以及欧盟与全球合作伙伴双边及多边科学合作的演变。结果显示，当限制被引文献时，OpenAlex在评估国家层面科研合作方面得出的结论与Scopus大致相当。无论双边还是多边伙伴关系，相对合作强度（RIC）值在多边合作中始终高于双边合作。在欧盟第七框架计划（FP7）最后几年、地平线2020中期及后期阶段以及研究周期尾声，合作强度的提升表明欧盟框架计划可能加强了参与国之间的合作。就欧洲一体化而言，EU-14与EU-13之间、这两类国家与欧盟候选国之间以及EU-13内部的合作强度均有所增加。尽管合作有所增长，结构性不对称依然存在。EU-14国家的双边合作主要集中在集团内部以及与EU-13、巴西、挪威、瑞士和英国之间，而EU-13国家则在集团内部、与欧盟候选国及俄罗斯的合作中展现出更高强度。与EU-13国家相比，EU-14国家与澳大利亚、加拿大和美国等高收入国家保持着更强的多边合作。对两类国家而言，与中国的合作强度均最弱。尽管与俄罗斯的多边合作强度有所下降，但2024年EU-14国家与俄罗斯的合作仍高于预期水平，而EU-13国家的合作强度则达到预期的2.5倍。这一持续现象可能反映了尽管俄罗斯于2022年被暂停参与"欧洲地平线"计划，其研究人员仍持续参与多边项目。