This study explores the evolution of bilateral and multilateral research collaboration of nine EU-14 member states, both within Europe and globally, across six disciplines, between 2010 and 2024, using OpenAlex data. Results indicate that bilateral collaboration rates remained relatively stable and predominantly concentrated within EU-14 countries, followed by the USA, the UK, and China. Multilateral collaboration rates increased significantly across all disciplines, with the highest increase observed in medicine and the highest overall rates maintained in physics & astronomy. The same trend across disciplines was observed for the Relative Intensity of Collaboration (RIC). This reflects the growing importance of large-scale international research consortia in infrastructure-intensive fields that address global scientific challenges. RIC has increased for both bilateral and multilateral collaboration, with stronger growth in multilateral collaboration. Multilateral RIC fell below the expected level most frequently with South Korea, India, and China. Across both collaboration types, increases in collaboration rates were generally associated with increases in RIC. No substantial changes in collaboration rates or RIC with the UK were observed following Brexit. A decline in multilateral collaboration with Russia in physics and astronomy coincided with its suspension from Horizon Europe in 2022, while the collaboration rate in medicine increased.

翻译：本研究利用OpenAlex数据，探讨了2010至2024年间九个欧盟14国成员国在欧洲及全球范围内六个学科领域双边与多边研究合作的演化趋势。结果表明，双边合作率保持相对稳定，且主要集中于欧盟14国之间，其次为美国、英国和中国。所有学科的多边合作率均显著上升，其中医学增幅最大，而物理学与天文学的整体合作率始终最高。各学科在相对合作强度上也呈现相同趋势。这反映出应对全球科学挑战的基础设施密集型研究中，大规模国际研究联盟的重要性日益凸显。双边与多边合作的相对合作强度均有所提升，且多边合作增长更为强劲。与韩国、印度和中国的多边相对合作强度最常低于预期水平。两种合作类型中，合作率的提升通常伴随着相对合作强度的增加。英国脱欧后，其合作率及相对合作强度均未发生显著变化。2022年俄罗斯被暂停参与"地平线欧洲"计划期间，物理学与天文学领域的多边合作出现下降，而医学领域的合作率却有所上升。