Traditional two-dimensional risk matrices (heatmaps) are widely used to model and visualize likelihood and impact relationships, but they face fundamental methodological limitations when applied to complex infrastructures. In particular, regulatory frameworks such as NIS2 and DORA call for more context-sensitive and system-oriented risk analysis. We argue that incorporating contextual dimensions into heatmaps enhances their analytical value. As a first step towards our Hagenberg Risk Management Process for complex infrastructures and systems, this paper introduces a multidimensional (ND) polar heatmap as a formal model that explicitly integrates additional context dimensions and subsumes classical two-dimensional models as a special case.

翻译：传统的二维风险矩阵（热图）被广泛用于建模和可视化可能性与影响之间的关系，但在应用于复杂基础设施时面临根本性的方法论局限。特别是NIS2与DORA等监管框架要求更具上下文敏感性及系统导向的风险分析方法。我们认为将上下文维度纳入热图能提升其分析价值。作为面向复杂基础设施与系统的哈根伯格风险管理流程的第一步，本文提出一种多维（ND）极坐标热图作为形式化模型，该模型显式整合了额外的上下文维度，并将经典二维模型作为特例包含其中。