For various reasons including those related to climate changes, {\em energy} has become a critical concern in all relevant activities and technical designs. For the specific case of computer activities, the problem is exacerbated with the emergence and pervasiveness of the so called {\em intelligent devices}. From the application side, we point out the special topic of {\em Artificial Intelligence}, who clearly needs an efficient computing support in order to succeed in its purpose of being a {\em ubiquitous assistant}. There are mainly two contexts where {\em energy} is one of the top priority concerns: {\em embedded computing} and {\em supercomputing}. For the former, power consumption is critical because the amount of energy that is available for the devices is limited. For the latter, the heat dissipated is a serious source of failure and the financial cost related to energy is likely to be a significant part of the maintenance budget. On a single computer, the problem is commonly considered through the electrical power consumption. This paper, written in the form of a survey, we depict the landscape of energy concerns in computer activities, both from the hardware and the software standpoints.

翻译：出于包括气候变化在内的多种原因，能源已成为所有相关活动与技术设计中的关键关切。就计算机活动这一具体领域而言，所谓智能设备的兴起与普及使该问题进一步加剧。从应用层面出发，我们特别指出人工智能这一专题——其要成功实现成为普适助手的目标，显然需要高效的计算支持。能源问题成为首要关切的场景主要有两类：嵌入式计算与超级计算。对前者而言，功耗至关重要，因为设备可用能源总量有限；对后者而言，散热是导致故障的重要因素，且能源相关的财务成本很可能占据运维预算的相当大部分。在单台计算机上，该问题通常通过电能消耗进行考量。本文以综述形式，从硬件与软件双重角度，系统阐述了计算机活动中能源问题的研究现状。