Users have renewed interest in protecting their private data in the digital space. When they don't believe that their privacy is sufficiently covered by one platform, they will readily switch to another. Such an increasing level of privacy awareness has made privacy preservation an essential research topic. Nevertheless, new privacy attacks are emerging day by day. Therefore, a holistic survey to compare the discovered techniques on attacks over privacy preservation and their mitigation schemes is essential in the literature. We develop a study to fill this gap by assessing the resilience of privacy-preserving methods to various attacks and conducting a comprehensive review of countermeasures from a broader perspective. First, we introduce the fundamental concepts and critical components of privacy attacks. Second, we comprehensively cover major privacy attacks targeted at anonymous data, statistical aggregate data, and privacy-preserving models. We also summarize popular countermeasures to mitigate these attacks. Finally, some promising future research directions and related issues in the privacy community are envisaged. We believe this survey will successfully shed some light on privacy research and encourage researchers to entirely understand the resilience of different existing privacy-preserving approaches.

翻译：用户对在数字空间中保护个人隐私数据重新燃起兴趣。当他们认为某个平台未能充分保障其隐私时，会轻易转向其他平台。这种日益增长的隐私意识使隐私保护成为一项重要的研究课题。然而，新型隐私攻击手段层出不穷。因此，有必要在文献中开展一项全面综述，对比已发现的针对隐私保护的攻击技术及其缓解方案。我们通过评估隐私保护方法对各种攻击的鲁棒性，并从更广阔的视角对防御措施进行系统梳理，旨在填补这一研究空白。首先，我们介绍了隐私攻击的基本概念与关键组成部分。其次，全面涵盖了针对匿名数据、统计聚合数据及隐私保护模型的主要攻击类型，并总结了应对这些攻击的常见防御策略。最后，展望了隐私社区中若干有前景的未来研究方向及关联问题。我们相信，本综述将为隐私研究提供有益启示，并鼓励研究者全面理解现有各类隐私保护方法的抗攻击能力。