Decentralized smart contracts enable trustless collaboration but suffer from limited privacy and scalability, which hinders broader adoption. Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) based off-chain execution frameworks offer a promising solution to both issues. Although TEE-based frameworks have made significant progress, prior work has yet to fully explore contract interoperability, a critical foundation for building complex real-world decentralized applications. This paper identifies the key challenges impeding such interoperability and presents practical solutions. Based on these insights, we introduce RaceTEE, a novel framework that leverages off-chain TEE-enabled nodes to efficiently execute confidential, long-lived smart contracts with interactions of arbitrary complexity among contracts. We implement a RaceTEE prototype using Intel SGX, integrate it with Ethereum, and release it as open source. Evaluation across diverse use cases demonstrates its practicality and effectiveness.

翻译：去中心化智能合约支持无需信任的协作，但面临隐私性和可扩展性受限的问题，阻碍了其更广泛的应用。基于可信执行环境（TEE）的链下执行框架为这两大难题提供了有前景的解决方案。尽管基于TEE的框架已取得显著进展，但先前研究尚未充分探索合约互操作性这一构建复杂现实世界去中心化应用的关键基础。本文识别了阻碍此类互操作性的核心挑战，并提出了实用解决方案。基于这些见解，我们引入了RaceTEE，这是一种新颖的框架，利用支持TEE的链下节点高效执行机密、长生命周期的智能合约，并支持合约间任意复杂度的交互。我们使用英特尔SGX实现了RaceTEE原型，将其与以太坊集成，并以开源形式发布。跨多种应用场景的评估证明了其实用性和有效性。