The evolution toward 6G networks envisions a heterogeneous Radio Access Network (RAN) comprising diverse access technologies, such as private 5G, public 4G/5G, and Wi-Fi, managed by multiple stakeholders. While considerable research effort has been devoted to O-RAN-based frameworks enabling rApp and xApp implementation and validation, few works provide integrated support for cross-technology RAN orchestration, end-to-end multi-tenancy, and a unified subset of SMO functionalities, including Non-RT RIC components. This paper introduces COSMO, a novel RAN Service Management and Orchestration platform designed to support heterogeneous 3GPP (5G NR, LTE) and non-3GPP (Wi-Fi) access networks. COSMO enables cross-technology multi-tenancy, defined as the capability to allow multiple tenants to dynamically share heterogeneous RAN resources with explicit resource allocation guarantees based on Service Level Agreements (SLAs). This is achieved through management primitives that support flexible and on-demand resource allocation. Additionally, the platform includes a cross-technology Non-Real-Time RAN Intelligent Controller (Non-RT RIC) that enables the development of intelligent rApps for closed-loop control and network orchestration. Beyond its architectural design, COSMO improves resource utilization and operational flexibility through unified orchestration of heterogeneous multi-tenant RAN resources. Through prototyping and benchmarking, we demonstrate the effectiveness of COSMO in resource allocation, SLA enforcement, and scalability. In our prototype, the SLA-based rApp reduces SLA violation from approximately 21% to below 10% under dynamic traffic conditions in a heterogeneous RAN deployment including 5G, 4G, and Wi-Fi access networks. Our results confirm that COSMO offers an efficient solution for managing and orchestrating future multi-tenant cross-technology RAN environments.

翻译：向6G网络的演进，构想了由众多利益相关方管理的异构无线接入网络（RAN），该网络融合了私有5G、公有4G/5G及Wi-Fi等多种接入技术。尽管已有大量研究工作聚焦于支持rApp和xApp实现与验证的基于O-RAN的框架，但鲜有工作能为跨技术RAN编排、端到端多租户以及包含非实时RIC组件在内的统一SMO功能子集提供集成支持。本文介绍了COSMO，一个新型的RAN服务管理与编排平台，旨在支持异构的3GPP（5G NR、LTE）与非3GPP（Wi-Fi）接入网络。COSMO实现了跨技术多租户能力，即允许多个租户基于服务等级协议（SLA）动态共享异构RAN资源，并为其提供明确的资源分配保障。这一目标通过支持灵活按需资源分配的管理原语得以实现。此外，该平台包含一个跨技术非实时RAN智能控制器（Non-RT RIC），支持开发用于闭环控制与网络编排的智能rApp。除架构设计外，COSMO还通过对异构多租户RAN资源的统一编排，提升了资源利用率和运营灵活性。通过原型构建与基准测试，我们展示了COSMO在资源分配、SLA执行与可扩展性方面的有效性。在我们的原型中，当异构RAN部署（包含5G、4G和Wi-Fi接入网络）处于动态流量条件下时，基于SLA的rApp能将SLA违例率从约21%降至10%以下。实验结果证实，COSMO为管理并编排未来多租户跨技术RAN环境提供了一种高效解决方案。