The Internet of Things (IoT) security landscape requires the architectural solutions that can address the technical and operational challenges across the heterogeneous environments. The IoT systems operate in different conditions, and security issues continue to increase. This paper presents the comprehensive security framework for IoT that should integrate the Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) with the semantic middleware and blockchain technologies. The work provides a systematic analysis of the architectural patterns based on more than twenty recent research works and the existing standards, and it proposes a layered security architecture. The architecture includes the hardware rooted trust at peripheral level, the zero trust principles at network level, and the semantic security mechanisms at application level. The framework focuses on practical implementation aspects such as the performance overhead, interoperability requirements, and the compliance with new regulations, which are very important for the real IoT deployments. The paper reports quantitative metrics which include the cryptographic performance on Cortex-M class microcontrollers with the detection accuracy rates and the energy consumption values. The proposed architecture shows that cross-layer security integration can provide defense in depth while it still satisfies the constraints of resource-limited IoT environments. The discussion highlights open challenges and the future research directions for the IoT security architectures that include the post-quantum migration, secure federated model exchange and the automated compliance verification.

翻译：物联网（IoT）安全领域需要能够应对异构环境下技术与运营挑战的体系化解决方案。物联网系统运行于多样化条件中，其安全问题持续增长。本文提出了一种综合性的物联网安全框架，该框架将可信执行环境（TEEs）与语义中间件及区块链技术相集成。本研究基于二十余项近期研究成果与现有标准，对架构模式进行了系统性分析，并提出了一种分层安全架构。该架构包含外围层的硬件根信任、网络层的零信任原则以及应用层的语义安全机制。本框架重点关注实际部署中的关键问题，如性能开销、互操作性要求及新法规的合规性，这些对于真实的物联网部署至关重要。论文报告了量化指标，包括在Cortex-M级微控制器上的密码学性能、检测准确率及能耗值。所提出的架构表明，跨层安全集成能够提供纵深防御，同时仍能满足资源受限物联网环境的约束。讨论部分重点指出了物联网安全架构面临的开放挑战与未来研究方向，包括后量子迁移、安全的联邦模型交换以及自动化合规性验证。