An ice shelf is a floating extension of a land-based ice sheet into the ocean. It plays a crucial role in slowing down the flow of land ice into the sea, thus stabilizing the ice sheet. However, this stabilizing effect can be weakened by ice calving, a process in which large fragments of ice detach from the ice shelf. Although ice calving is widely acknowledged as a major contributor to ice mass loss, and its frequency and magnitude are highly sensitive to the environmental forcing, the underlying physics-based mechanisms remain poorly understood, particularly under ocean wave actions. In this context, we developed a nonlocal peridynamics (PD) framework to model the ice calving process subjected to wave-induced frontal corrosion. The proposed physics-based PD framework enables investigation of the coupled effects of self-weight bending, buoyancy-induced foot loosening, and ice calving process. To authors' best knowledge, this work represents the first attempt to employ a physics-based peridynamics framework for simulating ice calving processes. Compared with conventional finite element methods (FEM), the PD framework naturally captures crack initiation, interaction, and propagation without the need for special numerical treatments, thereby providing a robust tool for simulating fracture phenomena under large deformations and long-term environmental loading. To quantitatively resolve fracture processes, we implemented a static first Piola Kirchhoff virial stress formulation within the PD framework, allowing direct evaluation of stress concentration and energy release at evolving crack tips. Subsequently, the model is rigorously validated through one-to-one comparisons with finite-element stress fields, analytical beam-theory solutions, and recent field observations of wave-driven ice-shelf failure reported by Sartore et al. (2025).

翻译：冰架是陆地冰盖向海洋的漂浮延伸部分，在减缓陆地冰流入海过程中起着关键作用，从而维持冰盖稳定。然而，这种稳定效应可能因冰崩解（大块冰体从冰架脱落的过程）而减弱。尽管冰崩解被广泛认为是冰质量损失的主要贡献者，且其发生频率和规模对环境强迫高度敏感，但其背后的物理机制仍不明确，尤其是在海洋波浪作用下。为此，我们开发了一种非局部近场动力学（PD）框架，用于模拟波浪诱导前沿腐蚀下的冰崩解过程。这一基于物理的PD框架能够探究自重弯曲、浮力引起的底部松动以及冰崩解过程的耦合效应。据作者所知，本研究首次尝试采用基于物理的近场动力学框架模拟冰崩解过程。与传统有限元方法（FEM）相比，PD框架无需特殊数值处理即可自然捕捉裂纹的萌生、相互作用和扩展，从而为大变形和长期环境荷载下的断裂现象模拟提供了稳健工具。为了定量解析断裂过程，我们在PD框架中实施了静态第一类皮奥拉-基尔霍夫维里应力公式，能够直接评估演化裂纹尖端的应力集中和能量释放。随后，通过与有限元应力场、解析梁理论解以及Sartore等人（2025）最新报道的波浪驱动冰架破坏现场观测数据逐一对比，对模型进行了严格验证。