We study the space complexity of four variants of the standard subgraph finding problem in the streaming model. Specifically, given an $n$-vertex input graph and a fixed-size pattern graph, we consider two settings: undirected simple graphs, denoted by $G$ and $H$, and oriented graphs, denoted by $\vec{G}$ and $\vec{H}$. Depending on the setting, the task is to decide whether $G$ contains $H$ as a subgraph or as an induced subgraph, or whether $\vec{G}$ contains $\vec{H}$ as a subgraph or as an induced subgraph. Let Sub$(H)$, IndSub$(H)$, Sub$(\vec{H})$, and IndSub$(\vec{H})$ denote these four variants, respectively. An oriented graph is well-oriented if it admits a bipartition in which every arc is oriented from one part to the other, and a vertex is non-well-oriented if both its in-degree and out-degree are non-zero. For each variant, we obtain a complete dichotomy theorem, briefly summarized as follows. (1) Sub$(H)$ can be solved by an $\tilde{O}(1)$-pass $n^{2-Ω(1)}$-space algorithm if and only if $H$ is bipartite. (2) IndSub$(H)$ can be solved by an $\tilde{O}(1)$-pass $n^{2-Ω(1)}$-space algorithm if and only if $H \in \{P_3, P_4, co\mbox{-}P_3\}$. (3) Sub$(\vec{H})$ can be solved by a single-pass $n^{2-Ω(1)}$-space algorithm if and only if every connected component of $\vec H$ is either a well-oriented bipartite graph or a tree containing at most one non-well-oriented vertex. (4) IndSub$(\vec{H})$ can be solved by an $\tilde{O}(1)$-pass $n^{2-Ω(1)}$-space algorithm if and only if the underlying undirected simple graph $H$ is a $co\mbox{-}P_3$.
翻译:我们研究了流模型中标准子图查找问题的四种变体的空间复杂度。具体而言,给定一个 $n$ 顶点输入图和一个固定大小的模式图,我们考虑两种设置:无向简单图(记为 $G$ 和 $H$)和有向图(记为 $\vec{G}$ 和 $\vec{H}$)。根据设置的不同,任务是判定 $G$ 是否包含 $H$ 作为子图或诱导子图,或者 $\vec{G}$ 是否包含 $\vec{H}$ 作为子图或诱导子图。令 Sub$(H)$、IndSub$(H)$、Sub$(\vec{H})$ 和 IndSub$(\vec{H})$ 分别表示这四种变体。如果一个有向图存在一个二分划分,使得每条弧都从一个部分指向另一个部分,则称该有向图是良定向的;如果一个顶点的入度和出度均非零,则称该顶点是非良定向的。对于每种变体,我们得到了一个完整的二分性定理,简要总结如下。(1) Sub$(H)$ 可以通过一个 $\tilde{O}(1)$ 轮次、$n^{2-Ω(1)}$ 空间的算法求解,当且仅当 $H$ 是二分图。(2) IndSub$(H)$ 可以通过一个 $\tilde{O}(1)$ 轮次、$n^{2-Ω(1)}$ 空间的算法求解,当且仅当 $H \in \{P_3, P_4, co\mbox{-}P_3\}$。(3) Sub$(\vec{H})$ 可以通过一个单轮次、$n^{2-Ω(1)}$ 空间的算法求解,当且仅当 $\vec H$ 的每个连通分量要么是一个良定向的二分图,要么是一棵至多包含一个非良定向顶点的树。(4) IndSub$(\vec{H})$ 可以通过一个 $\tilde{O}(1)$ 轮次、$n^{2-Ω(1)}$ 空间的算法求解,当且仅当其底层无向简单图 $H$ 是一个 $co\mbox{-}P_3$。