Urban parks provide significant health benefits by offering spaces and facilities for various recreational and leisure activities. However, the capacity of specific park spaces and elements to foster health remains underexamined. Traditional studies have focused on parks' size, greenery, and accessibility, often overlooking their ability to facilitate specific health-promoting activities. To address this gap, we propose a taxonomy consisting of six categories of health-promoting activities in parks: physical, mind-body, nature appreciation, environmental, social, and cultural. We estimate the capacity of parks in 35 global cities to promote health by establishing a lexicon linking park spaces and elements with specific health-promoting activities from our taxonomy. Using this lexicon, we collected data on elements and spaces in all parks in 35 cities from OpenStreetMap. Our analysis covers 23,477 parks with a total of 827,038 elements and spaces. By first comparing similarly sized parks across cities, we found that North American parks offer more spaces for physical activities, while European parks focus more on nature appreciation. Second, by scoring parks based on both elements and spaces, we investigated the variability in their health-promoting potential. We found the most uniform provision across parks for physical activities and the highest disparities regarding social activities. Additionally, parks offering a variety of activities are usually located in city centers, while offerings diminish in parks towards the suburbs. Lastly, we identified significant inequalities in park standards across cities, regardless of their continental location: Tokyo and Paris offer the most uniform park standards, while Copenhagen and Rio de Janeiro exhibit the most pronounced disparities. Our study provides insights for making urban parks more equitable, engaging, and health-promoting.

翻译：城市公园通过提供多样化的休闲活动空间与设施，对健康产生显著益处。然而，特定公园空间与要素促进健康的具体能力仍未得到充分研究。传统研究多关注公园规模、绿化程度与可达性，常忽视其促进具体健康活动的能力。为弥补这一不足，我们提出一个包含六类公园健康促进活动的分类体系：体育活动、身心调节、自然欣赏、环境体验、社交互动与文化参与。通过建立一套将公园空间及要素与我们分类体系中具体健康促进活动相关联的词汇系统，我们评估了全球35个城市公园促进健康的能力。基于该词汇系统，我们从OpenStreetMap收集了35个城市所有公园的要素与空间数据。我们的分析涵盖23,477个公园，总计827,038个要素与空间。首先通过跨城市比较规模相近的公园，我们发现北美公园提供更多体育活动空间，而欧洲公园更侧重于自然欣赏。其次，通过基于要素与空间的综合评分，我们探究了公园健康促进潜力的差异性。研究发现，体育活动设施的配置在公园间最为均衡，而社交活动设施的差异性最为显著。此外，提供多样化活动的公园通常位于市中心区域，而郊区公园的活动配置则逐渐减少。最后，我们发现不同城市的公园标准存在显著不平等现象，且与所属大洲无关：东京与巴黎的公园标准最为均衡，而哥本哈根与里约热内卢的差异性最为突出。本研究为提升城市公园的公平性、吸引力与健康促进功能提供了科学依据。