At the heart of state machine replication, the celebrated technique enabling decentralized and secure universal computation, lies Atomic Broadcast, a fundamental communication primitive that orders, authenticates, and deduplicates messages. This paper presents Chop Chop, a Byzantine Atomic Broadcast system that amortizes the cost of ordering, authenticating and deduplicating messages, achieving "line rate" (i.e., closely matching the complexity of a protocol that does not ensure any ordering, authentication or Byzantine resilience) even when processing messages as small as 8 bytes. Chop Chop attains this performance by means of a new form of batching we call distillation. A distilled batch is a set of messages that are fast to authenticate and deduplicate, as well as order. Batches are distilled using a novel interactive mechanism involving brokers, an untrusted layer of facilitating processes between clients and servers. In a geo-distributed deployment of 64 medium-sized servers, with clients situated cross-cloud, Chop Chop processes 43,600,000 messages per second with an average latency of 3.6 seconds. Under the same conditions, state-of-the-art alternatives offer two orders of magnitude less throughput for the same latency. We showcase three simple Chop Chop applications: a Payment system, an Auction house and a "Pixel war" game, respectively achieving 32, 2.3 and 35 million operations per second.

翻译：在状态机复制——这一实现去中心化安全通用计算的著名技术——的核心，是原子广播，一种对消息进行排序、认证和去重的基础通信原语。本文提出Chop Chop，一种拜占庭原子广播系统，它分摊了排序、认证和去重的成本，即便在处理小至8字节的消息时，也能达到“线速率”（即紧密匹配未确保任何排序、认证或拜占庭容错能力的协议的复杂度）。Chop Chop通过一种新型批处理机制——我们称之为蒸馏（distillation）——实现了这一性能。蒸馏批是一组易于快速认证、去重以及排序的消息。批的蒸馏借助一种新型交互式机制实现，该机制涉及经纪人（brokers），即客户端与服务器之间无信任的辅助处理层。在跨云客户端的64台中型服务器地理分布部署中，Chop Chop每秒处理43,600,000条消息，平均延迟为3.6秒。同等条件下，最先进的备选方案在相同延迟下吞吐量低两个数量级。我们展示了三种简单的Chop Chop应用：支付系统、拍卖行和“像素战争”游戏，分别实现了每秒3200万、230万和3500万次操作。