Although AI assistance can improve writing quality, it can also decrease feelings of ownership. Ownership in writing has important implications for attribution, rights, norms, and cognitive engagement, and designers of AI support systems may want to consider how system features may impact ownership. We investigate how the stage at which AI support for writing is provided (planning, drafting, or revising) changes ownership. In a study of short essay writing (between subjects, n = 253) we find that while any AI assistance decreased ownership, planning support only minimally decreased ownership, while drafting support saw the largest decrease. This variation maps onto the amount of text and ideas contributed by AI, where more text and ideas from AI decreased ownership. Notably, an AI-generated draft based on participants' own outline resulted in significantly more AI-contributed ideas than AI support for planning. At the same time, more AI contributions improved essay quality. We propose that writers, educators, and designers consider writing stage when introducing AI assistance.

翻译：尽管AI辅助能够提升写作质量，但也可能削弱作者的归属感。写作中的归属感对署名权、权利归属、行为规范及认知投入具有重要影响，AI支持系统的设计者需要考虑系统特性如何影响作者的归属感。本研究探讨了AI写作支持介入阶段（规划、起草或修改）对归属感的影响。通过对短篇论文写作（被试间设计，n=253）的研究发现：虽然任何形式的AI辅助都会降低归属感，但规划阶段的辅助仅造成最小程度的归属感下降，而起草阶段的辅助则导致最大幅度的归属感降低。这种差异与AI贡献的文本量和创意数量呈正相关——AI贡献越多文本和创意，归属感下降越显著。值得注意的是，基于参与者自身提纲生成的AI草稿，其贡献的创意数量显著高于规划阶段的AI辅助。与此同时，AI贡献的增加确实提升了论文质量。我们建议写作者、教育工作者和设计者在引入AI辅助时充分考虑写作阶段的影响。