Manufacturing tools like 3D printers have become accessible to the wider society, making the promise of digital fabrication for everyone seemingly reachable. While the actual manufacturing process is largely automated today, users still require knowledge of complex design applications to produce ready-designed objects and adapt them to their needs or design new objects from scratch. To lower the barrier to the design and customization of personalized 3D models, we explored novice mental models in voice-based 3D modeling by conducting a high-fidelity Wizard of Oz study with 22 participants. We performed a thematic analysis of the collected data to understand how the mental model of novices translates into voice-based 3D modeling. We conclude with design implications for voice assistants. For example, they have to: deal with vague, incomplete and wrong commands; provide a set of straightforward commands to shape simple and composite objects; and offer different strategies to select 3D objects.

翻译：3D打印机等制造工具已普及至更广泛的社会群体，使得"人人可数字制造"的承诺看似触手可及。尽管实际制造过程如今已高度自动化，但用户仍需掌握复杂设计应用的知识，才能生成现成对象、根据需求调整对象或从零开始设计新对象。为降低个性化3D模型设计与定制的门槛，我们通过22名参与者开展的高保真"巫师之奥兹"实验，探索了新手在基于语音的3D建模中的心理模型。我们对收集的数据进行主题分析，以理解新手心理模型如何转化为语音驱动的3D建模行为。最后，我们总结了对语音助手的启示，例如：必须处理模糊、不完整及错误的指令；提供一套简明的指令以塑造简单和复合对象；以及提供多种策略来选择3D对象。