The increasing frequency and severity of wildfire in California, exacerbated by prolonged drought and environmental changes, pose significant challenges to urban community resilience and equitable emergency response. The study investigates issues of accessibility to shelters during the Palisades and Eaton Fires which started in January 2025 in Southern California that led to over 180,000 displacements and the loss of 16,000 structures. Despite coordinated efforts of many organizations' emergency assistance, shelter shortages left many evacuees without safety or accessible refuge. This research aims to measure shelter accessibility during the fires' peak, evaluate whether existing shelter capacity met the demand, and identify spatial disparities in access. Findings reveal severe shelter shortages and pronounced inequities in access to shelters, particularly in geographically isolated regions and mountainous areas. To address these challenges, we implemented shelter placement strategies using both capacity-based and distance-based approaches, demonstrating potential improvements in accessibility and equity. The findings underscore the critical need for strategic shelter planning and infrastructure development to enhance disaster readiness and reduce vulnerability in regions that frequently experience wildfires.

翻译：加利福尼亚州野火频发与烈度加剧，在长期干旱与环境变化的共同作用下，对城市社区韧性及应急响应公平性构成严峻挑战。本研究聚焦2025年1月发生于南加州的帕利塞兹与伊顿山火期间避难所可达性问题，该系列火灾导致逾18万人流离失所，1.6万栋建筑损毁。尽管多个组织的应急援助协同展开，避难所容量短缺仍使大量疏散人员无法获得安全可靠的临时庇护。本研究旨在量化山火高峰期避难所可达性水平，评估既有避难容量是否满足应急需求，并识别可达性的空间分异特征。研究发现：避难所存在严重容量缺口，且可达性不平等现象显著，地理隔离区域及山地地带尤为突出。为应对这些挑战，我们采用基于容量与基于距离的双重优化策略进行避难所布局规划，实证表明该方法可有效提升可达性与空间公平性。研究结果强调，必须通过战略性避难规划与基础设施建设来增强野火频发区域的防灾准备能力，从而降低社区脆弱性。