Over the past decade, U.S. policies have increasingly aimed to preserve artificial intelligence (AI) leadership by promoting domestic free-market policies while controlling global technological chokepoints, particularly advanced semiconductors and computational infrastructure. These measures raised the cost of Chinese AI development, but they also increased the strategic value of open and locally adaptable AI systems. Before raising export controls on high-performance chips, both the U.S. and China promoted policies that included support for open-source AI. During the period following major U.S. export-control shocks, China increasingly embedded open-source AI into national technology strategy through proposed ecosystem building, standards coordination, and resilience-oriented deployment. Moreover, Chinese developers increased engagement with open-source large language model repositories substantially more than U.S. developers did, consistent with a shift toward open infrastructure under geopolitical constraints. Subsequently, Chinese-origin open models diffused widely through open-source communities and scientific research. Even though such models remained largely absent from U.S. patent disclosures, American commercial entities use them in open-access research, suggesting their undermeasured importance within the foundation of U.S. commercial activity. These findings suggest that technological containment policies may unintentionally accelerate open innovation ecosystems as a competitive response, with implications for global leadership in both academic and commercial artificial intelligence.

翻译：过去十年间，美国政策日益聚焦于通过促进国内自由市场政策并控制全球技术关键节点（尤其是先进半导体和计算基础设施）来维系人工智能领域的领导地位。这些措施虽提高了中国人工智能发展的成本，却也提升了开放且可本地化适配的人工智能系统的战略价值。在实施高性能芯片出口管制前，美中两国均推行了包含支持开源人工智能的政策。在美国重大出口管制冲击发生后，中国通过构建生态系统、协调标准及以韧性为导向的部署，将开源人工智能更深入地嵌入国家技术战略。此外，中国开发者参与开源大语言模型库的程度显著高于美国开发者，这与地缘政治制约下转向开放基础设施的趋势相吻合。随后，源自中国的开放模型通过开源社区和科学研究广泛传播。尽管此类模型在美国专利披露中基本缺席，但美国商业实体在开放获取研究中对其加以运用，表明这些模型在美国商业活动基础中的重要性被低估。这些发现表明，技术遏制政策可能无意中加速了作为竞争回应的开放创新生态系统，并对学术与商业人工智能领域的全球领导地位产生影响。