The end of conventional Dennard scaling and the widening gap between memory bandwidth and arithmetic throughput have made the von Neumann partition a structural bottleneck rather than a transient one. Two-dimensional (2D) materials, with atomically thin geometries, electrically tunable carrier densities, and large optical responses, offer a unified platform on which to build devices that compute where they store, process events rather than clock cycles, and shift workload into the optical domain. This perspective surveys progress along three converging thrusts, graphene and graphene nanoribbon transistors as scalable channel materials, oxide and 2D-integrated memristors for in-memory analog compute, and silicon-compatible 2D photonic and thermal-emitter structures for optical computing primitives. Our central argument is that the 2D-materials community has spent a decade producing record devices, and the next decade will be decided by who first integrates three of them on a single semiconductor wafer.

翻译：传统登纳德缩放定律的终结，以及内存带宽与算术吞吐量之间日益扩大的差距，使得冯·诺依曼分区从短暂瓶颈变为结构性瓶颈。二维材料凭借原子级薄几何结构、电可调载流子密度和大光学响应特性，提供了一个统一平台，用于构建在存储位置进行计算、处理事件而非时钟周期、并将工作负载迁移至光学领域的器件。本展望综述了三个汇聚方向的研究进展：石墨烯及石墨烯纳米带晶体管作为可扩展沟道材料、氧化物及二维集成忆阻器用于存内模拟计算、以及兼容硅基工艺的二维光子与热发射器结构用于光学计算基元。我们的核心论点是：二维材料领域已用十年时间制造出创纪录器件，未来十年将由率先在单个半导体晶圆上集成其中三种器件的人决定。