Within the cyber-physical-social-climate nexus, all systems are deeply interdependent: cyber infrastructure facilitates communication, data processing, and automation across physical systems (such as power grids and networks), while social infrastructure provides the human capital and societal norms necessary for the system's functionality. Any disruption within any of these components, whether due to human error or system mismanagement, can propagate throughout the network, amplifying vulnerabilities and creating a significantly scaled impact. This chapter explores the critical role of human vulnerabilities within the cyber-physical-social-climate nexus, focusing on the interdependencies across cyber, physical, and social systems and how these interdependencies can scale in a climate context. While cyber and physical vulnerabilities are readily apparent, social vulnerabilities (such as misinformation, resistance to policy change, and lack of public awareness) often go unaddressed despite their profound impact on resilience and climate adaptation. Social infrastructure, including human capital, societal norms, and policy frameworks, shapes community responses and underpins adaptive capacity, yet it is also a significant point of failure when overlooked. This chapter examines how human cognitive biases, risk misperception, and decision-making silos within interconnected systems can lead to resource misallocation and weakened policy effectiveness. These factors are analyzed to demonstrate how inadequate responses across cyber-physical-social layers can cascade, amplifying climate-related risks. By addressing these human factors and aligning decision-making frameworks, we aim to strengthen resilience and foster cohesive adaptation strategies that account for the intricate interrelations of cyber-physical-social-climate systems.

翻译：在信息-物理-社会-气候的耦合关系中，所有系统都深度相互依存：信息基础设施促进物理系统（如电网和网络）间的通信、数据处理和自动化，而社会基础设施则为系统功能提供必要的人力资本和社会规范。任何组成部分中的中断，无论是由于人为错误还是系统管理不善，都可能在网络中传播，放大脆弱性并产生规模化的影响。本章探讨人类脆弱性在信息-物理-社会-气候耦合关系中的关键作用，重点关注信息、物理和社会系统之间的相互依赖性，以及这些依赖性如何在气候背景下产生级联效应。虽然信息和物理层面的脆弱性显而易见，但社会脆弱性（如错误信息、政策变革阻力及公众意识缺乏）尽管对韧性和气候适应能力具有深远影响，却常被忽视。包括人力资本、社会规范和政策框架在内的社会基础设施，既塑造社区应对方式并支撑适应能力，但若被忽略也会成为重要的失效节点。本章研究互联系统中的人类认知偏差、风险误判和决策孤岛如何导致资源错配和政策效力减弱。通过分析这些因素，我们揭示了信息-物理-社会各层级的不当响应如何产生级联效应，从而放大气候相关风险。通过解决这些人因问题并协调决策框架，我们旨在增强系统韧性，培育协调统一的适应策略，以应对信息-物理-社会-气候系统间错综复杂的相互关系。