Set visualization facilitates the exploration and analysis of set-type data. However, how sets should be visualized when the data is uncertain is still an open research challenge. To address the problem of depicting uncertainty in set visualization, we ask (i) which aspects of set type data can be affected by uncertainty and (ii) which characteristics of uncertainty influence the visualization design. We answer these research questions by first developing a conceptual framework that brings together (i) the information that is primarily relevant in sets (i.e., set membership, set attributes, and element attributes) and (ii) different plausible categories of (un)certainty (i.e., certainty, undefined uncertainty as a binary fact, and defined uncertainty as quantifiable measure). Based on the conceptual framework, we systematically discuss visualization examples of integrating uncertainty in set visualizations. We draw on existing knowledge about general uncertainty visualization and fill gaps where set-specific aspects have not yet been considered sufficiently.

翻译：集合可视化有助于探索和分析集合类型数据。然而，当数据存在不确定性时，如何可视化集合仍是一个开放性的研究挑战。为解决集合可视化中描绘不确定性的问题，我们提出两个研究问题：（i）集合类型数据的哪些方面可能受到不确定性影响；（ii）不确定性的哪些特征会影响可视化设计。为回答这些问题，我们首先构建了一个概念框架，该框架整合了（i）集合中主要相关的信息（即集合成员关系、集合属性及元素属性）与（ii）不同可能类别的（不）确定性（即确定性、作为二元事实的未定义不确定性，以及作为可量化度量的已定义不确定性）。基于此概念框架，我们系统性地讨论了将不确定性融入集合可视化的实例。我们借鉴了通用不确定性可视化的现有知识，并填补了集合特定方面尚未得到充分考虑的空白。