We construct a structural theory of failure for multi-location encodings. Admissible partial views induce a confusability graph on latent tuples; in the exact coordinate-view model, this graph class is exactly characterized by upward-closed families of coordinate-agreement sets, and exact recovery with a $T$-ary tag is equivalent to $T$-colorability. Repeated composition yields strong powers, so the normalized block-rate sequence converges to asymptotic Shannon capacity bounded above by Lovász-$\vartheta$. The upper theory is sharp whenever confusability is transitive; meet-witnessing and fiber coherence provide checkable sufficient conditions for that collapse. Under an affine restriction, the coordinate structure yields a representable matroid whose rank bounds confusability. The theory applies uniformly to programming-language runtimes, databases, and dependency managers: causal propagation together with provenance observability are necessary and sufficient for verifiable structural integrity.

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