Land management intensity shapes ecosystem service provision, socio-ecological resilience and is central to sustainable transformation. Yet most land use models emphasise economic and biophysical drivers, while socio-psychological factors influencing land managers' decisions remain underrepresented despite increasing evidence that they shape land management choices. To address this gap, we develop a generic behavioural extension for agent-based land use models, guided by the Theory of Planned Behaviour as an overarching conceptual framework. The extension integrates environmental attitudes, descriptive social norms and behavioural inertia into land managers' decisions on land management intensity. To demonstrate applicability, the extension is coupled to an existing land use modelling framework and explored in stylised settings to isolate behavioural mechanisms. Results show that socio-psychological drivers can significantly alter land management intensity shares, landscape configuration, and ecosystem service provision. Nonlinear feedbacks between these drivers, spatial resource heterogeneity, and ecosystem service demand lead to emergent dynamics that are sometimes counter-intuitive and can diverge from the agent-level decision rules. Increasing the influence of social norms generates spatial clustering and higher landscape connectivity, while feedbacks between behavioural factors can lead to path dependence, lock-in effects, and the emergence of multiple stable regimes with sharp transitions. The proposed framework demonstrates how even low levels of behavioural diversity and social interactions can reshape system-level land use outcomes and provides a reusable modelling component for incorporating socio-psychological processes into land use simulations. The approach can be integrated into other agent-based land use models and parameterised empirically in future work.

翻译：土地管理强度决定了生态系统服务的供给和生态社会韧性，是可持续转型的核心。然而，多数土地利用模型侧重于经济和生物物理驱动因素，而影响土地管理者决策的社会心理因素尽管有越来越多的证据表明其塑造了土地管理选择，但在模型中仍未被充分体现。为弥补这一空白，我们以计划行为理论作为总体概念框架，为基于主体的土地利用模型开发了一个通用的行为扩展模块。该扩展模块将环境态度、描述性社会规范和行为惯性整合到土地管理者关于土地管理强度的决策中。为展示其适用性，该扩展模块与一个现有的土地利用建模框架耦合，并在典型化情境中进行探索以分离行为机制。结果表明，社会心理驱动因素能显著改变土地管理强度的比例分布、景观格局和生态系统服务供给。这些驱动因素、空间资源异质性与生态系统服务需求之间的非线性反馈会导致涌现动态，这些动态有时是反直觉的，并可能与主体层面的决策规则相背离。社会规范影响力的增强会产生空间集聚和更高的景观连通性，而行为因素之间的反馈可能导致路径依赖、锁定效应以及具有急剧转变的多重稳定态的出现。所提出的框架表明，即使是低水平的行为多样性和社会互动也能重塑系统层面的土地利用结果，并为将社会心理过程纳入土地利用模拟提供了一个可复用的建模组件。该方法可集成到其他基于主体的土地利用模型中，并在未来工作中通过经验数据进行参数化。