Over the past six decades, the computing systems field has experienced significant transformations, profoundly impacting society with transformational developments, such as the Internet and the commodification of computing. Underpinned by technological advancements, computer systems, far from being static, have been continuously evolving and adapting to cover multifaceted societal niches. This has led to new paradigms such as cloud, fog, edge computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT), which offer fresh economic and creative opportunities. Nevertheless, this rapid change poses complex research challenges, especially in maximizing potential and enhancing functionality. As such, to maintain an economical level of performance that meets ever-tighter requirements, one must understand the drivers of new model emergence and expansion, and how contemporary challenges differ from past ones. To that end, this article investigates and assesses the factors influencing the evolution of computing systems, covering established systems and architectures as well as newer developments, such as serverless computing, quantum computing, and on-device AI on edge devices. Trends emerge when one traces technological trajectory, which includes the rapid obsolescence of frameworks due to business and technical constraints, a move towards specialized systems and models, and varying approaches to centralized and decentralized control. This comprehensive review of modern computing systems looks ahead to the future of research in the field, highlighting key challenges and emerging trends, and underscoring their importance in cost-effectively driving technological progress.

翻译：过去六十年来，计算系统领域经历了重大变革，通过互联网和计算商品化等变革性发展深刻影响了社会。在技术进步的支持下，计算机系统并非一成不变，而是持续演进并适应多元化的社会需求，催生了云计算、雾计算、边缘计算以及物联网等新范式，带来了崭新的经济与创新机遇。然而，这种快速变革也带来了复杂的研究挑战，特别是在最大化潜力和增强功能方面。因此，要在满足日益严格要求的条件下维持经济高效的性能，必须理解新模型涌现与扩展的驱动力，以及当代挑战与过往有何不同。为此，本文调查并评估了影响计算系统演进的因素，涵盖既定系统与架构以及无服务器计算、量子计算、边缘设备端人工智能等新兴发展。追踪技术轨迹可发现若干趋势，包括由于业务和技术约束导致的框架快速过时、向专用系统和模型的迁移，以及集中式与分散式控制的不同实现方式。这篇对现代计算系统的全面综述展望了该领域的未来研究方向，突出了关键挑战与新兴趋势，并强调了它们在经济高效地推动技术进步中的重要性。