3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has emerged as a pivotal technique for 3D scene representation, providing rapid rendering speeds and high fidelity. As 3DGS gains prominence, safeguarding its intellectual property becomes increasingly crucial since 3DGS could be used to imitate unauthorized scene creations and raise copyright issues. Existing watermarking methods for implicit NeRFs cannot be directly applied to 3DGS due to its explicit representation and real-time rendering process, leaving watermarking for 3DGS largely unexplored. In response, we propose WATER-GS, a novel method designed to protect 3DGS copyrights through a universal watermarking strategy. First, we introduce a pre-trained watermark decoder, treating raw 3DGS generative modules as potential watermark encoders to ensure imperceptibility. Additionally, we implement novel 3D distortion layers to enhance the robustness of the embedded watermark against common real-world distortions of point cloud data. Comprehensive experiments and ablation studies demonstrate that WATER-GS effectively embeds imperceptible and robust watermarks into 3DGS without compromising rendering efficiency and quality. Our experiments indicate that the 3D distortion layers can yield up to a 20% improvement in accuracy rate. Notably, our method is adaptable to different 3DGS variants, including 3DGS compression frameworks and 2D Gaussian splatting.

翻译：3D高斯溅射（3DGS）已成为三维场景表示的关键技术，提供快速渲染速度和高保真度。随着3DGS的重要性日益凸显，保护其知识产权变得愈发关键，因为3DGS可能被用于模仿未经授权的场景创作并引发版权问题。现有的针对隐式神经辐射场（NeRF）的水印方法因其显式表示和实时渲染过程而无法直接应用于3DGS，使得3DGS的水印技术在很大程度上尚未被探索。为此，我们提出WATER-GS，一种通过通用水印策略保护3DGS版权的新方法。首先，我们引入一个预训练的水印解码器，将原始3DGS生成模块视为潜在的水印编码器，以确保水印的不可感知性。此外，我们实现了新颖的三维失真层，以增强嵌入水印对点云数据常见真实世界失真的鲁棒性。全面的实验和消融研究表明，WATER-GS能够在不影响渲染效率和质量的前提下，将不可感知且鲁棒的水印有效嵌入3DGS中。我们的实验表明，三维失真层可将准确率提升高达20%。值得注意的是，我们的方法可适应不同的3DGS变体，包括3DGS压缩框架和二维高斯溅射。