Landmarks are critical in navigation, supporting self-orientation and mental model development. Similar to sighted people, people with low vision (PLV) frequently look for landmarks via visual cues but face difficulties identifying some important landmarks due to vision loss. We first conducted a formative study with six PLV to characterize their challenges and strategies in landmark selection, identifying their unique landmark categories (e.g., area silhouettes, accessibility-related objects) and preferred landmark augmentations. We then designed VisiMark, an AR interface that supports landmark perception for PLV by providing both overviews of space structures and in-situ landmark augmentations. We evaluated VisiMark with 16 PLV and found that VisiMark enabled PLV to perceive landmarks they preferred but could not easily perceive before, and changed PLV's landmark selection from only visually-salient objects to cognitive landmarks that are more important and meaningful. We further derive design considerations for AR-based landmark augmentation systems for PLV.

翻译：地标在导航中至关重要，能够支持自我定向与心理模型构建。与视力正常者类似，低视力人群（PLV）常通过视觉线索寻找地标，但因视力受损难以识别某些重要地标。我们首先对六名低视力参与者开展形成性研究，系统分析其在地标选择中的挑战与策略，识别出独特的低视力地标类别（如区域轮廓、无障碍相关物体）及其偏好的地标增强方式。基于此，我们设计了VisiMark增强现实界面，通过提供空间结构概览与实地地标增强双重支持，提升低视力用户的地标感知能力。通过对16名低视力用户的评估，我们发现VisiMark能帮助用户感知到以往难以察觉的偏好地标，并将其地标选择标准从仅依赖视觉显著性物体转向更具认知重要性和意义的地标。最后，我们进一步提出面向低视力人群的增强现实地标增强系统的设计考量。